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1 MLC
1) Компьютерная техника: Multi Leaf Collimator, Multi-Level Cell (технология флэш-памяти с многоуровневыми ячейками)2) Медицина: Multi-Leaf Collimator (в радиотерапии), многолепестковый коллиматор, МЛК3) Военный термин: Military Liaison Committee, major landing craft, mechanized landing craft, military landing craft, military load classification, missile launch computer, mobile launcher computer4) Техника: magnetic-lens collector, multilayer capacitor, multilayer ceramics, multiple-line controller5) Юридический термин: Maximum Legal Carry6) Ветеринария: Meat and Livestock Commission7) Музыка: Music Leadership And Communication8) Оптика: multilayer ceramic9) Телекоммуникации: Multilink Control Field (X.25)10) Сокращение: Main Lobe Cluster, Manoeuvre Load Control, Modular Load Carrier11) Физиология: Minimum lethal concentration12) Электроника: Metal Loss Corrector, Multi Level Cell13) Вычислительная техника: micrologic circuit, multilevel cell, MultiLevel Cell (IC, PCMCIA, Flash, Intel)14) Нефть: microlaterolog, caliper log, microlog15) Иммунология: mixed lymphocyte culture16) Экология: 'most likely case' наиболее вероятный сценарий17) Деловая лексика: ежемесячная плата за лицензию (monthly licence charge)18) Образование: Math Learning Center19) Сетевые технологии: Multiple Logical Channels, Multiple Login Checking, multi-line controller, многоканальный контроллер20) Интернет: Multilevel Cell (program)21) Расширение файла: Multilevel Cell (program, Internet)22) Высокочастотная электроника: main lobe clutter23) Общественная организация: Michigan Library Consortium -
2 mlc
1) Компьютерная техника: Multi Leaf Collimator, Multi-Level Cell (технология флэш-памяти с многоуровневыми ячейками)2) Медицина: Multi-Leaf Collimator (в радиотерапии), многолепестковый коллиматор, МЛК3) Военный термин: Military Liaison Committee, major landing craft, mechanized landing craft, military landing craft, military load classification, missile launch computer, mobile launcher computer4) Техника: magnetic-lens collector, multilayer capacitor, multilayer ceramics, multiple-line controller5) Юридический термин: Maximum Legal Carry6) Ветеринария: Meat and Livestock Commission7) Музыка: Music Leadership And Communication8) Оптика: multilayer ceramic9) Телекоммуникации: Multilink Control Field (X.25)10) Сокращение: Main Lobe Cluster, Manoeuvre Load Control, Modular Load Carrier11) Физиология: Minimum lethal concentration12) Электроника: Metal Loss Corrector, Multi Level Cell13) Вычислительная техника: micrologic circuit, multilevel cell, MultiLevel Cell (IC, PCMCIA, Flash, Intel)14) Нефть: microlaterolog, caliper log, microlog15) Иммунология: mixed lymphocyte culture16) Экология: 'most likely case' наиболее вероятный сценарий17) Деловая лексика: ежемесячная плата за лицензию (monthly licence charge)18) Образование: Math Learning Center19) Сетевые технологии: Multiple Logical Channels, Multiple Login Checking, multi-line controller, многоканальный контроллер20) Интернет: Multilevel Cell (program)21) Расширение файла: Multilevel Cell (program, Internet)22) Высокочастотная электроника: main lobe clutter23) Общественная организация: Michigan Library Consortium -
3 modulation
1) модуляция2) вчт контроллер "вибрато", контроллер "модуляция", контроллер "регулировка модуляции", MIDI-контроллер №1•- acoustooptic modulation
- adaptive modulation - A-law delta modulation
- A-law pulse-code modulation
- amplitude modulation
- amplitude and angle modulation
- amplitude-frequency modulation
- amplitude-phase modulation
- amplitude-pulse modulation
- analog modulation
- angle modulation
- anode modulation
- area-delta and zero-cross modulation
- Armstrong modulation
- asymmetric amplitude modulation
- asymmetric delta modulation
- asynchronous delta modulation
- asynchronous delta-sigma modulation
- audio frequency modulation
- audio frequency-shift modulation
- balanced modulation
- baseband modulation
- base-conductivity modulation
- base-thickness modulation
- base-width modulation
- beam modulation
- beam-current modulation
- binary-pulse-code modulation - brightness modulation
- brilliance modulation
- buzzer modulation
- carrier modulation
- carrierless amplitude-phase modulation
- carrier-noise modulation
- carrier residual modulation
- cathode modulation
- cathode pulse modulation
- cavity modulation
- CD modulation
- channel-length modulation
- charge-density modulation
- chirp modulation
- choke modulation
- chopper modulation
- chroma modulation
- chrominance modulation
- clipped-noise modulation
- coherent phase-shift keying modulation
- collector modulation
- companded delta modulation
- companded frequency modulation - compound modulation
- conductivity modulation
- constant-current modulation
- constant-envelope modulation
- continuous delta modulation - control-electrode modulation
- controlled-carrier modulation
- convection-current modulation
- conventional delta modulation
- cosine modulation
- coupling modulation
- CPSK modulation
- cross modulation
- deep modulation
- delay modulation
- delta modulation
- delta-sigma modulation
- density modulation
- difference-in-depth modulation
- differential modulation - digital delta modulation - direct modulation
- discrete adaptive delta modulation
- discrete frequency modulation
- displacement modulation
- distortionless modulation
- doping modulation
- double modulation
- double-frequency modulation
- double-integration delta modulation
- double-integration delta-sigma modulation
- double-sideband modulation
- double-sideband amplitude modulation
- downward modulation
- dual modulation - effective percentage modulation - electrical modulation
- electrooptic modulation
- environmental modulation
- exponential delta modulation
- exponential delta-sigma modulation
- external modulation
- externally companded delta modulation
- extraneous modulation
- facsimile modulation
- Faraday modulation
- Faraday-rotation modulation
- FH/DS modulation
- field modulation
- field-effect modulation
- first-order constant-factor delta modulation
- floating-carrier modulation
- fork modulation
- fork-tone modulation
- frequency modulation
- frequency-amplitude modulation
- frequency-hopped/direct sequence modulation
- frequency-hopping modulation
- frequency-shift modulation
- gate-bias modulation
- grid modulation
- grid-pulse modulation
- group modulation
- group-velocity modulation
- Hall-effect modulation
- Heising modulation
- high-index frequency modulation - hum modulation
- hybrid modulation
- hyperbolic frequency modulation
- in-cavity modulation - independent-sideband modulation
- indirect modulation
- indirect frequency modulation
- inductance-tube modulation
- instantaneously adaptive delta modulation
- instantaneously companded delta modulation
- intensity modulation
- interference modulation
- internal modulation
- intracavity modulation
- inversion modulation
- isochronous modulation
- Kerr-cell modulation
- key modulation
- laser modulation
- lateral modulation
- length modulation
- lifetime modulation
- light modulation
- light-induced barrier modulation
- linear modulation - linear pulse-code modulation - logarithmic phase modulation
- loss modulation
- low-level modulation
- luminance modulation
- magnetooptic modulation
- mapping delta modulation
- maximum percentage modulation
- modified frequency modulation - multi-level pulse-code modulation
- multiple modulation
- multiplex frequency modulation
- mutual-interference modulation - negative modulation
- negative facsimile modulation
- noise modulation
- nonpolar modulation
- on-off modulation
- outphasing modulation
- parabolic frequency modulation
- percent modulation
- percentage modulation
- permutation modulation
- phase modulation
- phase-difference modulation
- phase-velocity modulation
- piezoelectrooptic light modulation
- pitch-companded delta modulation
- plate modulation
- plate-and-screen-grid modulation
- plate-pulse modulation
- PN modulation
- polar modulation
- polarization modulation
- position modulation
- positive modulation
- positive facsimile modulation
- predictive coding delta modulation
- product modulation
- pseudonoise modulation
- pseudorandom modulation
- pulse modulation
- pulse-amplitude modulation
- pulse-code modulation
- pulse-count modulation
- pulse-delay modulation - pulse-interval modulation
- pulse-length modulation
- pulse-numbers modulation
- pulse-phase modulation - pulse-spacing modulation
- pulse-time modulation - quadratic frequency modulation
- quadrature modulation - raised-cosine modulation
- reflection modulation
- reset delta modulation
- residual modulation
- robust delta modulation
- rotor modulation
- satellite repeater modulation - screen-grid modulation
- self-modulation
- self-phase modulation
- self-pulse modulation
- series modulation
- series-coupled collector modulation
- sigma-delta modulation
- sine modulation - single sideband amplitude modulation-suppressed carrier - single-tone modulation
- smoothed-phase modulation
- sound modulation
- space modulation
- space-time modulation
- spark gap modulation
- spatial modulation
- spectral modulation
- speech-reiteration delta modulation
- spread-spectrum modulation
- spurious modulation
- square-law modulation
- square-wave modulation
- SSB modulation
- Stark modulation
- start-stop modulation
- statistical delta modulation
- stereo frequency modulation
- subcarrier modulation - suppressor-grid modulation
- swept frequency modulation - symmetrical modulation
- synchronous modulation
- tamed frequency modulation
- tangent frequency modulation
- telemetering modulation
- terrestrial repeater modulation
- time modulation
- tone modulation
- transformer-coupled collector modulation
- transit-time modulation
- transmission modulation
- trapezoidal frequency modulation - two-tone modulation
- unity modulation
- upward modulation
- variable-carrier modulation - velocity variation modulation - video modulation
- voice modulation
- V-shaped frequency modulation
- waveform tracking delta modulation
- Webster modulation
- weighted pulse-code modulation
- wide-band frequency modulation
- wobble modulation
- Z-axis modulation
- zig-zag modulation -
4 modulation
1) модуляция2) вчт. контроллер "вибрато", контроллер "модуляция", контроллер "регулировка модуляции", MIDI-контроллер №1•- acoustooptic modulation
- adaptive delta modulation
- adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
- adaptive modulation
- adaptive pulse-code modulation
- ADOX modulation
- A-law delta modulation
- A-law pulse-code modulation
- amplitude and angle modulation
- amplitude modulation
- amplitude-frequency modulation
- amplitude-phase modulation
- amplitude-pulse modulation
- analog modulation
- angle modulation
- anode modulation
- area-delta and zero-cross modulation
- Armstrong modulation
- asymmetric amplitude modulation
- asymmetric delta modulation
- asynchronous delta modulation
- asynchronous delta-sigma modulation
- audio frequency modulation
- audio frequency-shift modulation
- balanced modulation
- baseband modulation
- base-conductivity modulation
- base-thickness modulation
- base-width modulation
- beam modulation
- beam-current modulation
- binary-pulse-code modulation
- biphase modulation
- block companded pulse-code modulation
- brightness modulation
- brilliance modulation
- buzzer modulation
- carrier modulation
- carrier residual modulation
- carrierless amplitude-phase modulation
- carrier-noise modulation
- cathode modulation
- cathode pulse modulation
- cavity modulation
- CD modulation
- channel-length modulation
- charge-density modulation
- chirp modulation
- choke modulation
- chopper modulation
- chroma modulation
- chrominance modulation
- clipped-noise modulation
- coherent phase-shift keying modulation
- collector modulation
- companded delta modulation
- companded frequency modulation
- compatible quadrature amplitude modulation
- composition modulation
- compound modulation
- conductivity modulation
- constant-current modulation
- constant-envelope modulation
- continuous delta modulation
- continuously variable-slope delta-modulation
- continuous-wave modulation
- control-electrode modulation
- controlled-carrier modulation
- convection-current modulation
- conventional delta modulation
- cosine modulation
- coupling modulation
- CPSK modulation
- cross modulation
- deep modulation
- delay modulation
- delta modulation
- delta-sigma modulation
- density modulation
- difference-in-depth modulation
- differential modulation
- differential pulse-code modulation
- digital delta modulation
- digital modulation
- digital phase modulation
- digitally controlled delta modulation
- direct modulation
- discrete adaptive delta modulation
- discrete frequency modulation
- displacement modulation
- distortionless modulation
- doping modulation
- double modulation
- double-frequency modulation
- double-integration delta modulation
- double-integration delta-sigma modulation
- double-sideband amplitude modulation
- double-sideband modulation
- downward modulation
- dual modulation
- dynamic adaptive multiple quadrature amplitude modulation
- echo modulation
- effective percentage modulation
- eight-to-fourteen modulation
- elastooptic modulation
- electrical modulation
- electrooptic modulation
- environmental modulation
- exponential delta modulation
- exponential delta-sigma modulation
- external modulation
- externally companded delta modulation
- extraneous modulation
- facsimile modulation
- Faraday modulation
- Faraday-rotation modulation
- FH/DS modulation
- field modulation
- field-effect modulation
- first-order constant-factor delta modulation
- floating-carrier modulation
- fork modulation
- fork-tone modulation
- frequency modulation
- frequency-amplitude modulation
- frequency-hopped/direct sequence modulation
- frequency-hopping modulation
- frequency-shift modulation
- gate-bias modulation
- grid modulation
- grid-pulse modulation
- group modulation
- group-velocity modulation
- Hall-effect modulation
- Heising modulation
- high-index frequency modulation
- high-information delta modulation
- high-level modulation
- hum modulation
- hybrid modulation
- hyperbolic frequency modulation
- in-cavity modulation
- incidental carrier phase modulation
- incidental frequency modulation
- independent-sideband modulation
- indirect frequency modulation
- indirect modulation
- inductance-tube modulation
- instantaneously adaptive delta modulation
- instantaneously companded delta modulation
- intensity modulation
- interference modulation
- internal modulation
- intracavity modulation
- inversion modulation
- isochronous modulation
- Kerr-cell modulation
- key modulation
- laser modulation
- lateral modulation
- length modulation
- lifetime modulation
- light modulation
- light-induced barrier modulation
- linear delta modulation
- linear frequency modulation
- linear modulation
- linear pulse-code modulation
- line-type modulation
- logarithmic companded pulse-code modulation
- logarithmic phase modulation
- loss modulation
- low-level modulation
- luminance modulation
- magnetooptic modulation
- mapping delta modulation
- maximum percentage modulation
- modified frequency modulation
- modified modified frequency modulation
- multi-level delta modulation
- multi-level pulse-code modulation
- multiple modulation
- multiplex frequency modulation
- mutual-interference modulation
- narrow-band frequency modulation
- N-ary pulse-code modulation
- negative facsimile modulation
- negative modulation
- noise modulation
- nonpolar modulation
- on-off modulation
- outphasing modulation
- parabolic frequency modulation
- percent modulation
- percentage modulation
- permutation modulation
- phase modulation
- phase-difference modulation
- phase-velocity modulation
- piezoelectrooptic light modulation
- pitch-companded delta modulation
- plate modulation
- plate-and-screen-grid modulation
- plate-pulse modulation
- PN modulation
- polar modulation
- polarization modulation
- position modulation
- positive facsimile modulation
- positive modulation
- predictive coding delta modulation
- product modulation
- pseudonoise modulation
- pseudorandom modulation
- pulse delta modulation
- pulse group delta modulation
- pulse modulation
- pulse-amplitude modulation
- pulse-code modulation
- pulse-count modulation
- pulse-delay binary modulation
- pulse-delay modulation
- pulse-duration modulation
- pulse-frequency modulation
- pulse-interval modulation
- pulse-length modulation
- pulse-numbers modulation
- pulse-phase modulation
- pulse-polarization binary modulation
- pulse-repetition rate modulation
- pulse-spacing modulation
- pulse-time modulation
- pulse-width modulation
- Q modulation
- quadratic frequency modulation
- quadrature modulation
- quadrature-amplitude modulation
- quantized frequency modulation
- quantized pulse modulation
- quantized pulse-position modulation
- quiescent-carrier modulation
- raised-cosine modulation
- reflection modulation
- reset delta modulation
- residual modulation
- robust delta modulation
- rotor modulation
- satellite repeater modulation
- scanning-velocity modulation
- scan-velocity modulation
- screen-grid modulation
- self-modulation
- self-phase modulation
- self-pulse modulation
- series modulation
- series-coupled collector modulation
- sigma-delta modulation
- sine modulation
- single sideband amplitude modulation
- single sideband amplitude modulation-suppressed carrier
- single sideband modulation
- single-sideband frequency modulation
- single-sided angle modulation
- single-tone modulation
- smoothed-phase modulation
- sound modulation
- space modulation
- space-time modulation
- spark gap modulation
- spatial modulation
- spectral modulation
- speech-reiteration delta modulation
- spread-spectrum modulation
- spurious modulation
- square-law modulation
- square-wave modulation
- SSB modulation
- Stark modulation
- start-stop modulation
- statistical delta modulation
- stereo frequency modulation
- subcarrier frequency modulation
- subcarrier modulation
- suppressed-carrier modulation
- suppressor-grid modulation
- swept frequency modulation
- syllabically companded delta modulation
- syllabically companded pulse-code modulation
- symmetrical modulation
- synchronous modulation
- tamed frequency modulation
- tangent frequency modulation
- telemetering modulation
- terrestrial repeater modulation
- time modulation
- tone modulation
- transformer-coupled collector modulation
- transit-time modulation
- transmission modulation
- trapezoidal frequency modulation
- trellis coded modulation
- two-bit pulse-code modulation
- two-tone modulation
- unity modulation
- upward modulation
- variable-carrier modulation
- variable-slope delta modulation
- velocity modulation
- velocity variation modulation
- vestigial-sideband amplitude modulation
- vestigial-sideband modulation
- vibration modulation
- video modulation
- voice modulation
- V-shaped frequency modulation
- waveform tracking delta modulation
- Webster modulation
- weighted pulse-code modulation
- wide-band frequency modulation
- wobble modulation
- Z-axis modulation
- zig-zag modulationThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > modulation
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5 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
6 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
7 switch
1) переключатель
2) включатель
3) выключатель
4) коммутационный механизм
5) переключать
6) переключение
7) шальтер
8) искатель
9) <comput.> кнопочный
10) коммутатор
11) < railways> стрелочный
12) включать
13) менять направление
14) выключать
15) переключательный
16) прут
17) штепсель
18) штепсельный
19) ключ
20) многоходовой
21) трансформаторный
– acknowledging switch
– air-break switch
– air-pressure switch
– alternate switch
– antenna switch
– antenna-ground switch
– anti-capacitance switch
– assignment switch
– at flick of switch
– automatic switch
– band switch
– barometric switch
– battery switch
– branch switch
– by-pass switch
– cam switch
– cam-operated switch
– cell switch
– challenge switch
– channel switch
– close switch
– connector switch
– control switch
– controlled switch
– cradle switch
– cross-bar switch
– crossbar switch
– crosspoint switch
– cutoff switch
– delayed-action switch
– diode switch
– door-operated switch
– double-break switch
– double-pole switch
– double-throw switch
– double-way switch
– drum switch
– earthing switch
– electronic switch
– emergency switch
– enclosed switch
– end cell switch
– end switch
– end-cell switch
– entrance switch
– explosion-proof switch
– ferrite switch
– filament switch
– finder switch
– flag switch
– flush-mounting switch
– foot switch
– forestalling switch
– four-layer switch
– function switch
– fuse switch
– gang switch
– gate-activated switch
– grounding switch
– group switch
– hand-operated switch
– high-speed switch
– horn-gap switch
– interlocked switch
– interval cam switch
– knife switch
– lever switch
– limit switch
– liquid-level switch
– mains switch
– master switch
– matrix switch
– mercury switch
– minor switch
– motor-operated switch
– multi-pole switch
– multi-position switch
– multiple switch
– multiple-contact switch
– multipole switch
– multiway switch
– nut switch
– oil-immersed switch
– on-off switch
– one-motion switch
– open switch
– oscillating switch
– outlying switch
– pendulum switch
– piano-key switch
– plug switch
– plug-in switch
– pole switch
– power switch
– power-operated switch
– proximity switch
– push-button switch
– range switch
– reed switch
– relay switch
– remote switch
– reset switch
– rocker switch
– rotary switch
– route switch
– safety switch
– sectionalizing switch
– semiconductor switch
– single-break switch
– single-pole switch
– single-way switch
– slide switch
– solenoid switch
– solenoid-operated switch
– solid-state switch
– spring-return switch
– starting switch
– static switch
– step switch
– step-by-step switch
– stepping switch
– Strowger switch
– surface switch
– switch adjustment
– switch apparatus
– switch arm
– switch board
– switch chair
– switch circuit
– switch contacts
– switch engine
– switch in use
– switch indicator
– switch key
– switch lamp
– switch off
– switch on light
– switch out of use
– switch tie
– switch tongue
– switch tower
– switch tracks
– thermal switch
– throw a switch
– throwing of a switch
– thyristor switch
– toggle switch
– transfer switch
– transistor switch
– transmit-receive switch
– two-motion switch
– vacuum switch
– voltage-selector switch
– wafer switch
– wave-range switch
azimuth stowing switch — <tech.> ключ походного положения азимутальный
field discharge switch — <electr.> автомат гашения поля
magnetically operated switch — выключатель с магнитным приводом
momentary action switch — клавишный переключатель без фиксации
move switch to OFF position — ставить выключатель в положение ВЫКЛ
move switch to ON position — ставить выключатель в положение ВКЛ
numerical connector switch — искатель с вынужденным движением
silicon bilateral switch — тиристор симметричный пороговый триодный
switch laser Q to a low value — выключать добротность лазера
switch machine lever — рукоятка управления стрелочным приводом
switch section of multiple — секция многократного поля добавочная
switch signal lever — < railways> рукоятка стрелочного указателя
trafction indicator switch — переключатель указателя поворота
-
8 logic
1) логика2) логическая часть, логический узел ( ЭВМ)3) логическая схема; логические схемы, логика•- adaptive logic
- address-comparison logic
- address-recognition logic
- address-selection logic
- all-magnetic logic
- all-transistor logic
- arbitration logic
- arithmetic logic
- binary logic
- bipolar logic
- Boolean logic
- carry determination logic
- cellular logic
- circuit logic
- clocked logic
- closed-cell logic
- combinational logic
- combinatorial logic
- combinatory logic
- command decode logic
- comparison logic
- compatible logic
- complementary transistor logic
- complementary transistor-resistor logic
- computer logic
- constructive logic
- control logic
- core logic
- crisp logic
- current injection logic
- current mode logic
- current sinking logic
- current steering logic
- current-hogging logic
- custom logic
- data manipulation logic
- decryption logic
- degating logic
- derivative logic
- designer choice logic
- design-for-test logic
- differential logic
- digit logic
- diode logic
- diode-emitter coupled logic
- diode-transistor logic
- direct-coupled transistor logic
- distributed logic
- double-rail logic
- emitter-emitter-coupled transistor logic
- emitter-coupled transistor logic
- emitter-emitter-coupled logic
- emitter-coupled logic
- emitter-follower logic
- epistemic logic
- error-checking logic
- failure detection logic
- fault-masking logic
- feature logic
- field-programmable logic
- fluid logic
- formal logic
- fuzzy logic
- glue logic
- hardwired logic
- high-noise-immunity logic
- high-threshold logic
- Hoare logic
- incremental logic
- inferencial logic
- injection-coupled logic
- instruction logic
- integrated injection logic
- interface logic
- interrupt logic
- irregular logic
- Josephson junction logic
- kindred logic
- ladder logic
- level logic
- linearly independent logic
- locked-pair logic
- logic under test
- low level logic
- machine logic
- magneto-optical logic
- majority-vote logic
- majority logic
- many-valued logic
- mathematical logic
- merged logic
- merged-transistor logic
- microprogrammed logic
- microwatt logic
- microwave logic
- modal logic
- modified diode-transistor logic
- morphic logic
- multiple-valued logic
- multi-valued logic
- multiaperture device logic
- multihpase pulse logic
- nanosecond logic
- negative logic
- N-level logic
- nonmonotonic logic
- N-out-of-M logic
- N-valued logic
- on-board logic
- on-chip control logic
- optoelectronic logic
- out-of-order issue logic
- paging logic
- parametron logic
- path programmable logic
- per-bit logic
- philosophical logic
- positive logic
- possibilistic logic
- probabilistic logic
- processing logic
- programmable array logic
- programmable logic
- programmed logic
- quadded logic
- random logic
- random sequential logic
- recovery logic
- reference logic
- regular logic
- relay logic
- relevance logic
- resistor-capacitor-transistor logic
- resistor-coupled transistor logic
- resistor-diode-transistor logic
- resistor-transistor logic
- ripple-carry logic
- save-carry logic
- Schottky transistor-transistor logic
- sector-buffering logic
- self-checking logic
- self-timed logic
- sequential logic
- single-phase pulse logic
- single-sorted logic
- solid-state logic
- stored logic
- structured logic
- switching logic
- symbolic logic
- temporal logic
- ternary logic
- test logic
- three-level logic
- three-state logic
- three-value logic
- threshold logic
- timed-access logic
- timing logic
- transaction logic
- transister logic
- transistor-coupled logic
- transistor-diode logic
- transistor-resistor logic
- transistor-transistor logic
- tri-state logic
- tube-and-diode logic
- tunnel-diode logic
- two-valued logic
- unconditional logic
- user-definable logic
- variable logic
- variable threshold logic
- vertical injection logic
- wired logic
- wired-OR, wired-AND logic
- word logicEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > logic
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